References

AAP Statement on Periodontal Treatment and Improvement in Cardiovascular Health March 2007 based on research by Maurizio Tonetti et al published in the New England Journal of Medicine  http://www.perio.org/consumer/nejm-perio-cardio.htm

C-Reactive Protein – A Predictor of Heart Disease – Is Elevated in Patients with Periodontal Disease September 20, 2001 http://www.perio.org/consumer/CRPheart.htm

Chronic Inflammatory Periodontal disease, A Risk Factor For Caridovascular Disease and Ischemic Stroke? Ricardo Gapski, DDS, MS and Charles M. Cobb, DDS, PhD From Ground Rounds in Oral-Systemic Medicine, February 2006, http://gr.pennnet.com

Deep Periodontal Pockets Increase Risk for Electrocardiographic Abnormalities

June 2004, American Academy of Periodontology, http:www.perio.org/consumer/ecg.htm

Helping Patients Understand the Suspected Link Between Gum disease and Heart Attack/Stoke from Ground Rounds in Oral-Systemic Medicine, Patient Education Form

New Study Finds Positive Association Between Periodontal Disease and Coronary Heart Disease September 2006, American Academy of Periodontology,  http://www.perio.org/consumer/coronary-risk.htm

Study Finds Direct Association Between Cardiovascular Disease and Periodontal Bacteria, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, February 7, 2005, by Bob Kuska, http://www.nidcr.nih.gov/NewsAndReports/NewsReleases/NewsRelease02072005.htm

The Oral-Systemic Health Connection, http://www.nider.nih.gov/HealthInformation/DiseasesAndConditions/OralSystemicHealthConnection/OralSystemic.htm

The Significance of Periodontal Infection in Cardiology, by Stanley Shanies, MD, FACP, Casey Hein, BSDH, MBA From Ground Rounds in Oral-Systemic Medicine February 2006 http://gr.pennnet.com

Blood Test Could Help Prevent Heart Deaths www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/news/20050105/blood-test-could-help-prevent-heart-deaths The New England Journal of Medicine, Jan. 6, 2005; vol 352: pp 20-39. Paul M. Ridker, MD, Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston. Steven E. Nissen, MD, department of cardiovascular medicine, The Cleveland Clinic, Ohio. Michael R. Ehrenstein, PhD, FRCP, Center for Rheumatology, University College, London. Sidney Smith Jr., MD, director, Center for Cardiovascular Science and Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; spokesman, American Heart Association. © 2005 WebMD, Inc. All rights reserved.

Comparison of C-Reactive Protein and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in the Prediction of First Cardiovascular Events Paul M. Ridker, M.D., Nader Rifai, Ph.D., Lynda Rose, M.S., Julie E. Buring, Sc.D., and Nancy R. Cook, Sc.D. From the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and the Divisions of Preventive Medicine (P.M.R., L.R., J.E.B., N.R.C.) and Cardiology (P.M.R.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School (N.R.) — all in Boston. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/347/20/1557

American Academy of Periodontology. http://www.perio.org.

American Heart Association. Risk Factors in Heart Disease, www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=500

Association Between Periodontal Disease and Left Ventricle Mass in Essential Hypertension

Fabio Angeli; Paolo Verdecchia; Concetta Pellegrino; Rosaria Giulia Pellegrino; Giacinto Pellegrino; Lucio Prosciutti; Claudia Giannoni; Stefano Cianetti; Maurizio Bentivoglio, Hypertension. 2003;41:488.

Further Evidence of the Association Between Periodontal Conditions and Coronary Artery

Disease, Geerts SO, Legrand V, Charpentier J, Albert A, Rompen EH, Department of Periodontology-Dental Surgery, Universis of Leige, Liege, Belgium. Published in the Journal of Periodontoloty. 2004 Sep; 75(9): 1274-80.  http://www.joponline.org/doi/abs/10.1902/jop.2004.75.9.1274

Oral and Whole Body Health: Heart Health in the Inflammation Age by Pert Libby. Scientific American,. Custom Published in collaboration with Procter &/Gamble Co.; 2006.

Periodontal disease and C-reactive protein-associated cardiovascular risk by Francesco D'Aiuto,  Derren Ready, Maurizio S. Tonetti, ,  Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute and Hospital, University College London, Eastman Clinical Investigation Center, Eastman Dental Institute and Hospital, University College London, Microbiology Unit, Eastman Dental Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK,  Journal of Periodontal Research, Volume 39 Issue 4 Page 236-241, August 2004, http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0765.2004.00731.x/abs/

Periodontal Infections and Coronary Heart Disease

Role of Periodontal Bacteria and Importance of Total Pathogen Burden in the Coronary Event and Periodontal Disease (CORODONT) Study, Axel Spahr, DDS; Elena Klein, DDS; Natalie Khuseyinova, MD; Clemens Boeckh, PhD; Rainer Muche, PhD; Markus Kunze, MS; Dietrich Rothenbacher, MD, MPH; Gita Pezeshki, PhD; Albrecht Hoffmeister, MD; Wolfgang Koenig, MD

Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:554-559. March 13, 2006, http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/166/5/554

Periodontal infections cause changes in traditional and novel cardiovascular risk factors: Results from a randomized controlled clinical trial, Francesco D'Aiuto, DMD, PhDa, Mohamed Parkar, BSc, MPhila, Luigi Nibali, DMDa, Jean Suvan, RDH, MSca, Jan Lessem, MDa, Maurizio S. Tonetti, DMD, PhDab, American Heart Journal, Volume 151, Issue 5, Pages 977-984 (May 2006), http://www.ahjonline.com/article/PIIS0002870305006319/abstract

Periodontal infections and atherosclerotic vascular disease: an update, by Jan H. Behle and Panos N. Papapanou, New York, USA, International Dental Journal (2006) 56, 1-7

Periodontal Microbiota and Carotid Intima-media Thickness: The Oral Infections and Vascular disease Epidemiology Study (INVEST). Circulation. 2005;111:576-582.

Periodontitis and atherogenesis: causal association or simple coincidence?, Francesco D’Aiuto, Mohammed Parkar, Georgios Andreou, Peter M. Brett, Derren Ready, Maurizio S. Tonetti (2004),  Journal of Clinical Periodontology Volume 31 Issue 5 Page 402-411, May 2004

Relationship Between Periodontal Disease and C-Reactive Protein Among Adults in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, Gary D. Slade, BDSc, PhD; Elisa M. Ghezzi, DDS, MS; Gerardo Heiss, MD, PhD; James D. Beck, PhD; Estelle Riche, PhD; Steven Offenbacher, PhD

Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:1172-1179., May 26, 2003,  

Relationship Between Periodontal Disease, tooth Loss, and Carotid Artery Plaque

The Oral Infections and Vascular Disease Epidemiology Study (INVEST), Moïse Desvarieux, MD, PhD; Ryan T. Demmer, MPH; Tatjana Rundek, MD, PhD; Bernadette Boden-Albala, DrPH; David R. Jacobs, Jr, PhD; Panos N. Papapanou, DDS, PhD Ralph L. Sacco, MD, MS, Stroke.2003;34:2120.

The role of inflammation and infection in the pathogeneses and evolution of coronary artery disease. By JS Zebrack,MD and JL Anderson, MD., Curr Cardiol Rep. 2002 4:278-288

Tooth loss is independently associated with the risk of acquired aortic valve sclerosis, Top of Form